Millions of people in the US and in other parts of the world are affected by the herpes simplex virus that causes cold sores and other diseases as well. In fact, experts are of the opinion that the disease is so common that as many as 25% females are affected at least once in their lives. And in males, this is 20%. But the sad thing is, a huge section of that population believes that treatment for cold sores is not needed because the blisters tend to go away on their own. But the fact is, the blisters may return and cause more damage than just a scar on the skin. Thus, cold sore treatment is necessary.

There are a number of cold sore treatment options. But before going deeper into the subject, it is necessary to understand that a virus cannot be ever completely cured, and so, the virus that causes cold sores will stay within the body forever. Only the symptoms of cold sores can be eradicated with the proper treatment. So the sores will not hurt, burn lower back sore or itch anymore.

While selecting a cold sore treatment option do keep in mind that there are a few medications that may lead to a diarrohea like condition. So it is probably advisable to go for a diarrohea medicine along with the cold sore treatment. There are basically 2 types of treatments for cold sores. They are topical applications and pills. Most medicines try to challenge the virus in the body that is causing the damage by lowering the virus replication rate. And when this happens, the natural immunity of the body is strengthened so that it is able to fight the virus on its own.

Here the role of immunity is very important, particularly when the virus returns, because there are actually a few triggers that make the virus active again. So if the natural immunity of the body can be strengthened the triggers can be deactivated and so the replication rate of the virus can be lowered. So the chance and the number of all future outbreaks can be lowered significantly.

Here are a few simple tips that can control the virus and remove the symptoms quicker:

- Experts feel that stress can worsen the situation. Though it is difficult to reduce stress levels in these difficult times, but try to do so anyway.
- Keeping away from cold winds and sunlight also improves the condition.
- When going out, always use a sunscreen. Carry it along in the beach vacations and in the camping trips because these are the times when there is prolonged exposure to sunlight.
- Changing the diet is always a good idea. Go for a diet that has a lot of vitamin A, C, E and also zinc and iron.

Now there are specially formulated treatments for cold sores and genital herpes that are 100% natural, and have been produced from the highest quality pure natural essential oils that are extracted from plants. Medical studies have proven the effectiveness of such cold sore treatments.

In the treatment of migraines, a low level laser is an ideal choice for a chiropractor and naturopathic doctor. The cold laser, when touched on the head, has a pleasant sensation and warmth.

This cold low level laser is used by the chiropractor to quickly get rid of migraines with no harm or invasive procedures to the patient. The pain relief is usually quick and long lasting when using a scalar wave laser. When a chiropractor uses a soft laser on the patients head, the relief is shown to the chiropractor as he or she uses scalar lasers for this treatment.

Why such a treatment with a cold laser? Well the low level lasers are easy to use. The cold low level laser will also use photosynthesis to speed the healing of a cluster headache without using drugs or surgery.

This is an optimal state for using the scalar wave laser as there are no side effects present when using this type of scalar laser for treatment of migraines. In chiropractor office using this soft laser, the patient heals faster and can go back to their daily life, instead of spending days in healing without the assistance of cold lasers.

When a chiropractor uses a cold laser for healing of migraines, he or she is fully assured of the patients complete recovery. In the instances when a chiropractor decides to go only with the traditional methods, this adds healing time that could have been halved by using a cold low level laser.

By using a scalar wave laser, this assures fewer visits to the chiropractor and rapid healing of the patient. Most patients actually prefer the scalar lasers to the more traditional methods of manipulation and heat packs. Soft laser usage is also medically feasible for both doctor and patient.

Using a cold laser in healing has optimal benefits for the patient. When treatment is done with a cold low level laser, the benefits are immediate and long lasting. Scalar wave laser treatments are not new, but due to the advanced healing that they provide, these scalar lasers are more and more in demand.

The training with scalar wave lasers is easy and affordable and can be used immediately for helping patients with migraines get the relief that they are praying for. In fact, healing with a scalar laser is both easy and may be more cost effective instead of the more traditional methods of chiropractors.

When seeing a chiropractor for a migraine, it is helpful to note that the usage of a cold laser speeds up the body's ability to heal. When time is a factor in the healing, the usage of a cold low level laser greatly speeds up the process.

The look of relief on a patient after having treatment with a scalar wave laser is worth the cost. The usage of such scalar wave lasers is becoming much more prevalent in chiropractic offices around the country. The chiropractor thus ensures that their patient heals quickly.

Premier League team Manchester United are currently having their worst injury crisis for years. Most of the injuries suffered relate to the groin, knee or calf. Here is their current injury list:

United's injury list:

• Gary Neville - groin
• Nemanja Vidic - flu
• Rio Ferdinand - calf
• Jonny Evans - calf
• John O'Shea - thigh
• Rafael da Silva- injury
• Fabio da Silva- groin
• Edwin van der Sar - knee
• Wes Brown - limped off
• Owen Hargreaves - knees

Why are so many players suffering from injury?

The pressure of the English Premier League seems to be causing players to push themselves too far. In our Sports Activities section at Pain Control you can search the most common sports injuries by sport.

Here is a brief introduction to the injuries currently affecting Manchester United and how the injuries can be treated

Groin Injury - Abductor Stain or Rupture

A groin pull is an injury list of back injuries to the muscles of the inner thigh. The groin muscles, called the "adductor muscle" group, consists of six muscles that span the distance from the inner pelvis to the inner part of the femur (thigh bone). These muscles pull the legs together, and also help with other movements of the hip joint. The adductor muscles are important to many types of athletes including sprinters, swimmers, soccer players, and football players. The injury requires rest and wearing of a supportive device such as an Athletic Suspensory Pouch can help speed recovery. Whilst It is also recommended that adductor strengthening exercises are incorporated into their workout.

Calf Injury - Calf Strain

The calf muscle is usually strained whilst running or walking as the calf muscle's function is to control the heel bone and they are therefore most active during the push-off phase of walking and running.  Calf strains require rest and should be treated by Compression Cold Therapy in the initial phase of the injury.

Knee Injury - Knee Injuries

Various knee injuries exist in sport. Ligament damage can easily be caused by impact to the knee joint, making this one of the most common injuries in football. Unfortunately, ligament damage can keep a player out for months. Recovery of knee injuries such as knee ligament injuries can be accelerated by wearing supportive devices such as a Bodymedics Lycra Neoprene Knee Support

Upper Back Pain Lungs are important to note. There is nothing worse than back pain. Neither could you do your daily activities nor could you enjoy the rest if you are facing the back pain problem. There is no immediate relief as it takes time to heal the cause of back pain. Back pain felt in upper back is sometimes accompanied with chest pain or lungs pain.

A lung is an organ which performs the work of inhalation and exhalation of oxygen. It takes into air with oxygen and exhales the carbon dioxide. It is very important function. Any respiratory disease will affect the lungs. Lungs are situated near heart within the rib cage.

The lungs will be affected by pneumonia. There is inflammation of lungs in pneumonia. It causes back pain. These symptoms need immediate attention from doctors. Back pain in many lung diseases is common. If the person is smoking for many years then the lung diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis are risks to his life. He experiences the back with these diseases.

Even the lungs cancer patients do complain pain upper back about the upper back pain. Upper back pain lungs are experienced with some serious diseases. There are some remedies for such back pain. You need to be very positive about the recovery from the back pain. Only medication is not sufficient for the successful recovery from the upper back pain lungs.

The symptoms appear when you have a cough. If you try to breathe deeply then you might get pain which is present in back as well as in lungs. Some patients have medical history of back pain with their family.

The upper back pain lungs may be chronic; it should be treated with the conservative methods like hot and ice applications, massage therapy, chiropractic theory, physical theory. The medications should be minimal as the patient must be on other medication for the main disease of pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma.

The simple exercises will help the patient rather the medication because it may have adverse effect on patients' body. The upper back lungs pain is persistently present with the patient of lungs cancer. They are advised to try the acupuncture theory. Even hypnotherapy can be used for such patients to prepare their positive attitude towards treatment

Upper back pain lungs should not be confused with the chest pain. Chest pain may be symptom of other problems. Upper back pain lungs may also happen because of sudden injury in car accidents or falling on floor. Such pains are unbearable but the medications used will give relief to patient for temporary time.

Over the longer period this pain will be removed completely with the good treatment. Smoking should be avoided to prevent the upper back pain lungs.

Upper back pain lungs are diagnosed by the X ray, MRI and scan. Symptoms of other problems are also studied before deciding the treatment for upper back pain lungs.

Though there are many improvements in the medical field, little has changed about the back pain. You have to bear what you could not cure. Mostly the problems of back pain are solved after many days treatment. Its recurrence should be avoided by doing every day exercises.

We often hear middle age women talking about menopause and menopause symptoms relief. Just what is menopause? Menopause is a natural biological process that every woman will face when she gets to the age of between 45 and 55. It is by no mean an ailment, infection or a medical disorder. This process is more of a time of physical and emotional changes. With the onset of menopause lower levels of female hormones are produced by the ovaries.

The majority of women do not have much trouble going through menopause. On the other hand, there are many that suffer from average to severe symptoms. Menopause symptoms include night sweats, insomnia, fatigue, hot flushes, anxiety, joint pain, headaches, depression, sadness and heart palpitations. It is different with every woman when it comes to these symptoms. They could in some cases get worse or tend to last for years.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is the common pharmaceutical treatment for alleviating symptoms of menopause. With this method women are either given oral estrogen hormone alone or combined with another hormone Progesterone in the form of progestin. These hormones are in a synthetic form. Until recently Hormone Replacement Therapy delivers the best menopause symptoms relief especially night sweats and back relief hot flushes. It was also believed that HRT could prevent strokes, heart attacks and osteoporosis.

Many women have been taking HRT for years and it is now reported that it carries certain health dangers. These risks include blood clots, breast cancer, high blood pressure and uterine cancer. Menopausal women are advised to only take the lowest dosage that would give them menopause symptoms relief. They are also encouraged to take HRT for the shortest time frame possible.

There have been menopause natural relief products available that work for some people. For those who have very severe symptoms they have to resort to Hormone Replace Therapy. Today on the market there are products for menopause symptoms relief that are both natural and effective. Generally such menopause natural relief products are formulated with a blend of herbal extracts such as black cohosh, soy, damiana, vitamin E and other phytoestrogen herbal ingredients. Throughout history these components have proved to be effective in correcting hormonal imbalance. The ingredients in these herbal menopause symptoms relief products are highly recommended by leading herbal experts as alternatives to HRT.

Such menopause natural relief works by restoring the hormone levels of the body to give menopause symptoms relief. Females who have had a hysterectomy can also benefit from these products. These menopause natural relief products do not generally have interactions with drugs. Manufacturers of such menopause symptoms relief products often also make other quality herbal supplements.

For years manufacturers of menopause natural relief products cautioned women about the risks of synthetic Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). Herbal menopause symptoms relief products are highly recommended by doctors the world over as the safe and effective menopause natural relief. Reviews from consumers show that menopause natural relief products are effective for menopause symptoms relief.

Many specialists are of the opinion that menopause natural relief products are safe and work better than prescription drugs or traditional hormone replacement therapy. Many of these herbal products do provide effective and guaranteed menopause symptoms relief. These products also help to maintain the normal functions of the female body.

If you are presently going through menopause and suffering from menopause symptoms, you owe it to yourself to find out more about such menopause natural relief products and how they can benefit you mentally, physically and emotionally.

Back pain due to coccydynia can be quite miserable – just ask anyone who has ever developed it after a fall on a slippery floor, a skid on the ice, or a bumpy landing while skiing or snowboarding.

Coccydynia is pain in the coccyx, or tailbone, the boney area at the end of the spine between the buttocks. Sometimes referred to in layman’s terms as a ‘butt ache’, it is a nagging pain, which can become excruciating, and increase with pressure from sitting or moving to stand up. It has been described as a pain similar to sitting on a sharp knife or a marble that rolls around or a feeling of being impaled on a cane or broomstick. The pain and discomfort may persist for months to eventually become chronic.

Causes
Falls On The Buttocks.
• This is the most common cause, often diagnosed as a fractured coccyx.

Unstable or Dislocating Coccyx
• The most common cause of pain is due to a coccyx which dislocates shooting pain leg or moves more than normal when you sit down. This may develope after a fall, from childbirth or injury in a car accident. The actual cause is often unknown but this disorder is responsible for 55% of cases of coccyx pain.

Childbirth
• If the joints around the pelvis become more flexible in preparation for childbirth, sometimes the coccyx can be pushed out of position easily.

Repetitive Strain
• This is common after a great deal of rowing or bicycle riding

Misaligned Or Long Coccyx
• In this condition, the coccyx bone points forward or is angled forward about 70°, which is greater than normal and causes pain.

Boney Spur Or Spicule On Coccyx
• This has been the cause of pain in 14% of patients.

Muscle Spasms In The Gluteus Maximus Muscle Of The Buttocks
• These muscles help lower the body from a standing to a sitting position. Muscle spasms cause pressure where the glutueus is attached to the coccyx.

Piriformis Syndrome
• The piriformis muscle runs horizontally from the lower spine to the top of each femur (hip bone). It crosses the sciatic nerve and spasms in the muscle cause pain in the hips and down the leg. Sitting may aggravate it.

Pilonidal Cyst
• This is a birth defect in which an abscess develops at the end of the tailbone, causing pressure, swelling, inflammation, and pain in the coccyx area. The cyst is usually removed surgically.

Symptoms Of Coccydynia
• Pain during or after sitting
• Acute pain when moving to standing after sitting
• Deep ache around coccyx
• Shooting pains down both legs
• Pain during bowel movements
• Pain during intercourse
• Pain during menstruation

Coccydnia may clear up after a few months but in the case of persistent pain, it is wise to have a medical evaluation to determine the cause.

Back Pain Muscle Spasms are no fun. Back Pain is common cause of worry for many people. But it may be occurring because of any type injury to the back. In case of such injury the body mechanism attempts to protect the back from injury. This protective response is not voluntary. The muscle spasm means the muscle fibers are contracted as a reaction to the injury or inflammation.

Back pain muscle spasms give indication of the damage to the vertebrae, discs or ligaments. The cause of muscle spasms can be sudden injury to spinal cord or the muscles and tissue around it. If there is any irritation or nerve compression as a result of any other problem, muscle spasm may occur.

The muscle spasms may give acute pain around the area of injury. The contracted muscles result in tremendous muscle tightening. This normally happens in cycles and it lasts for few seconds or minutes. After a particular activity this symptoms are seen. They are reduced after some time of rest.

The back spasms back pain muscle spasms are treated in a traditional way assuming there is no serious injury to the spinal cord and vertebrae. It is always advised to contact your doctor immediately to get a relief from the pains. You may experience the changes in the bowl and bladder movement. You may feel unstable while walking. Sometimes numbness and
Pain is faced in arms and legs. You may have to struggle the pain while lying down and you night may be sleepless. Fever and weight loss is also experienced by some people.

If you are facing any of these problems with the back pain then it is better to consult the specialist. If you are facing only back pain because of muscle spasms, you can do something on your own and the pain is reduced and inflammation is also reduced.

It is difficult but definitely helpful to keep your routine activities going on. You may need to do it at a slower pace. If any particular activity results in increasing pains then you should avoid it. Just resting in bed will not help much. On the other hand light activity encourages the faster recovery.

Ice helps to prevent inflammation. The ice packed in cloth can be applied to the inflamed area for 10 to 20 minutes at a time. This can be repeated several times in a day. Though ice helps to reduce swelling, it may give numbness to tissues if applied for more than 20 minutes at a time. So take care of not to extend it above 20 minutes. Extra time may result in more tightening of muscles and inflamed tissues.

Once the ice application is done, you can use hot water application after first three days. It helps to reduce tightening muscles once the inflammation is gone. Heat should be made moist rather than dry one. You can use heating pad or hot water shower or even Jacuzzi.
Massage therapy is the helpful to improve the blood circulation. It can give relief from stress.

After recovery from the back pain muscle spasms stretches are advised which is useful to improve the flexibility.

I have found that most chronic back pain first occurs as either an acute episode or quite mysteriously. You wake up one day in pain or move a certain way and feel something give and end up with a pain that won't go away. 

The reality is you could have done something the day before, a week, or even a month ago that overworked or injured muscles in your body in some way and started an imbalance or deterioration that weeks later led to the chronic problem you now have.

As a result of overuse, a trauma or strain, even bad posture, tension will build up in a muscle to the point where the circulation is impaired and eventually that muscle will weaken and in a certain situation fail, causing the body to compensate and eventually get out of balance.

Like someone who is hunched over when they sit at their desk or lean on one leg as they stand.

A muscle imbalance invariably leads to the pelvis moving out of position causing it to either tilt forward or back, up or down or rotate. These 5 positions it can end up in will have a flow on effect to the spine and will upset the position or spacing of the vertebrae. This can then encroach on the discs or nerves causes of back pain leading to back pain.

As tightness builds up in a muscle due to poor circulation, that muscle becomes weak causing other muscles to have to compensate for the weakness. These other muscles then start to overwork, fatigue and tighten and the odds become higher that one of the joints in the spine will be put under pressure which ends up causing pain and inflammation.

As the different areas of the body compensate, the muscular system gets out of balance and you slowly lose flexibility. When there is no more potential to compensate something has to give and it’s often at the weakest point which is generally the joint. This is where many treatments are incorrectly focused, leading to expensive and unnecessary X Rays, MRI’s or CT Scans which invariably show very little.

Even when they do identify a structural problem with the joint, it is not the cause of the pain anyway so treating it has little or no lasting effect. The muscle imbalances that set all this up are rarely considered by most Doctors and therapists.

These imbalances can be confined to one area such as the back or shoulders, or spread throughout the whole body causing a build up of tight muscles and pressure that eventually leads to weakness and pain. I have treated many people who have been doing regular exercise for years yet their muscles are weak and painful.

Some treatments you get for pain will exercise and stretch you until enough compensations are put in place that your pain goes away, but it doesn’t remove the imbalances, it just covers them up.

The more your body has already compensated for previous injuries or damage, the less effective these types of treatments will be. Usually the older a person gets the less they respond to stretching and exercise based treatments and people end up having to curtail their activities as a way of relieving their pain.

When we move, especially doing vigorous exercise,  we exert a force which, as a result of even a minor imbalance, is distributed unevenly throughout our muscle system causing any imbalance to spread and go deeper into the body, especially if the body is unhealthy and holds onto its tension. This sets up a condition where we have a greater potential for injury if we over exert or over extend ourselves in a certain way.

1. The wrong cologne.

2. The wrong clothes.

3. Not remembering to take out the trash.

4. That smell in the refrigerator.

5. The lack of money in your wallet.

6. Your feeling good for once when you woke up.

7. What you received in the mail.

8. What you didn’t receive in the mail.

9. Drinking all those drinks last night.

10. Eating like there was no tomorrow.

Now here are ten useful tips of advice from a personal injury lawyer to follow if you have been in an accident. You can also learn more about how to handle a personal injury in Big Bear, or any city, by calling the Law Offices of R. Sebastian Gibson at any of the numbers which can be found on our website at http://www.SebastianGibsonLaw.com  and learning how we can assist you.

Obviously, if you have had an accident, and you are reading all of this advice, it’s probably been at least a few days since the accident. However, if it’s only been a few hours or if you ever have another accident, here’s what you should do the next time from the start.

First, take a look around and determine if you or anyone, are hurt. If so, taking steps like trying to prevent further injury or loss of blood are the most important thing you can do. Even if some other driver caused you to be injured, it’s just good manners to help the other driver if they are hurt. They may even be so thankful that they admit their fault to you. The worst thing you can do is get angry or start a fight.

Second, make sure everyone is safe from being injured further. If you are in the middle of traffic, and you are dizzy, sit down away from traffic. If your vehicle is a traffic hazard and you have accident warning devices like flares or triangles, put them out on the road to warn other drivers and get away from the car. Let the police an other emergency personnel investigate the scene with the vehicles in place and move them more safely at a later point.

Third, call the police. Accident reports are extremely helpful if the police will do such a report. Let the police know you are injured immediately. causes of back injury Answer the police questions honestly. But if you are dazed or confused, let them know you need medical treatment and answer only what you feel sure about. Remember, your statements can and will be used against you if you admit fault, and it will be too late and too fishy to later say you didn’t know what you were saying at the scene. Police know that your best recollection is immediately after an accident.

Fourth, get the other driver’s information including their names, addresses, driver’s license numbers, make and model of their vehicles, license plate numbers, and their insurance company name and policy number. If there are witnesses, get their names, addresses and telephone numbers as well. If the other driver makes any admissions of fault, write those down as well.

Fifth, if you have a camera on your cell phone or in the car and you aren’t too injured, take some photos of the vehicles and the scene. If you can’t do it right away, do it after you are released from the hospital.

Sixth, if you are hurt, obtain medical treatment. Don’t decline the ambulance or hospital examination to save your insurance company money or to be stoic. Take your valuables out of your car if you can and get checked out at the hospital. If you are not hurt, don’t get treatment you don’t need. However, remember, after an accident, you may feel a rush of adrenaline that causes you to only start feeling symptoms of pain a few hours later. If you have a health plan that requires you to obtain permission first, call them and find out where you are allowed to seek treatment.

Seventh, call a good personal injury lawyer as soon as you have had your initial treatment, so the attorney can gather other important evidence and prevent the insurance company from taking advantage of you and obtaining such things as recorded statements that you feel fine, when many of your symptoms have yet to manifest themselves. A good personal injury lawyer can save you from making a great deal of mistakes and can shoulder much of the hassle of knowing what to do about car repairs, car rentals, medical treatment, witness statements and the like. If you think you will save money by not having an attorney, think again. A good personal injury lawyer can almost always obtain much higher settlements, obtain reductions of medical bills and insurance liens and prevent you from making costly mistakes. Also, most personal injury attorneys advance costs of obtaining police reports, medical records and the like and are paid and reimbursed for these costs only out of any settlement.

Eight, you will need to report the accident to your insurance company, but since they will want to take a recorded statement from you, just like any other driver’s insurance company, it’s good advice to retain an attorney first. And if the other driver did not have insurance, remember that it is your own insurance company that will be your adversary. You will also need to report the accident to the Department of Motor Vehicles and your lawyer can give you the form for this.

Ninth, do not agree to settle your claim privately with the person at fault for the accident. This almost never works out to your advantage. Don’t agree not to call the police. Police reports that determine the fault for an accident are golden. Your agreement to not involve the police only affords an opportunity for the other driver to change his story and blame you when the police will no longer investigate the accident.

Tenth, don’t pay a traffic ticket without a fight if you weren’t at fault or agree to accept a small payment for your vehicle repairs without knowing that the amount will in fact cover the cost of all the repairs.

If you’ve had a personal injury in Big Bear, Rialto, Redlands, Lake Arrowhead, Crestline, Colton, Yucaipa, Riverside, San Bernardino, Moreno Valley, Fontana, Apple Valley, or anywhere in Southern California, we have the knowledge and resources to be your Big Bear Personal Injury Lawyer and your San Bernardino Personal Injury Attorney. Be sure to hire a California law firm with auto, motorcycle, truck, bicycle, pedestrian, car, bus, train, boat and airplane accident experience, wrongful death experience and insurance law expertise who can ensure you are properly represented and get the compensation you deserve.

If you have a personal injury legal matter, a dog bite or if you’ve lost a loved one in a wrongful death accident, call the Law Offices of R. Sebastian Gibson, or visit our website at http://www.SebastianGibsonLaw.com  and learn how we can assist you.

Every year the Health and Safety Authority (HSA) confirms that lifting heavy or awkward loads –manual handling – is among the most common causes of workplace injuries, particularly back injuries. The employer’s responsibility is to help avoid these injuries.

Under Health and Safety legislation, employers must organise work so that manual handling of loads is avoided wherever possible. Where manual handling is unavoidable, the work must be planned, or equipment provided, to reduce the risk to causes of back injuries a minimum. Guidelines from the HSA recommend that the most effective way of managing manual handling in the workplace is to develop a Manual Handling Programme and to provide the necessary training in order to reduce the risk of injury.

This OHSS course is designed for all employees involved in manual handling during their working day and will show participants the correct lifting and moving procedures in order to avoid back injury while lifting in the workplace.

Learning Objectives

On completion of this course, participants will be able to:

Describe the main aspects of Manual Handling Legislation

* Describe the 8 principles of Safe Manual Handling

* Apply these 8 principles to manual handling tasks in the workplace

Who Should Attend?

All employees in the current working environment who are involved in manual handling of any description, no matter how infrequently.

Course Content

The course will cover the following modules:

1. Legislation

2. Structure of the spine

3. Injury to the spine

4. Fitness required to carry out manual handling

5. Hazardous loads

6. Means to avoid or reduce manual handling

7. Good handling techniques and practice

Course Output

Practical and written assessments. Course certificate awarded on successful completion.